Central Heating Plants - index
Central Heating Plants - ufc_3_430_08n0001
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) - ufc_3_430_08n0002
Foreword - ufc_3_430_08n0003
Chapter 1: Introduction - ufc_3_430_08n0005
Antiterrorism/Force Protection - ufc_3_430_08n0006
Appendix A: Central Heating Plants
Central Heating Plants - ufc_3_430_08n0008
Abstract - ufc_3_430_08n0009
Foreword - ufc_3_430_08n0010
Mechanical Engineering Criteria Manuals
Section 1. Introduction - ufc_3_430_08n0026
Section 2: Policy - ufc_3_430_08n0027
Figure 1. Format for Comparing Plant Costs
Rehabilitation Versus Replacement
Fuel Selection - ufc_3_430_08n0030
National Industry Codes
Section 3: Plant Design
Minimum Load
Heating Plants
Table 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of HTW Plants and Steam Plants
Table 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of HTW Plants and Steam Plants -Cont.
Table 3. Boiler Selection Criteria
Table 3. Boiler Selection Criteria -Cont.
Heating Surface
Plant Layout
Feedwater Pumping System
Steam-driven Auxiliaries
Section 4: HTW Heating Plants
Table 6. Equipment Selection for HTW Systems
Table 6. Equipment Selection for HTW Systems -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0045
Table 6. Equipment Selection for HTW Systems -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0046
Table 6. Equipment Selection for HTW Systems -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0047
High Temperature Hot Water (HTW) Systems
Figure 2. High Temperature Water System with Steam Expansion Tank (One Pump)
Figure 3. High Temperature Water System with Steam Expansion Tank (Two Pumps)
Figure 4. High Temperature Water System with Inert Gas Expansion (One Pump)
Figure 5. High Temperature Water System with Inert Gas Expansion Tank (Two Pumps)
System Water Velocities
Hot Water Generators - ufc_3_430_08n0054
Figure 6. Direct Supply Single Circuit
Figure 7. Direct Supply - Radial
Figure 8. Reverse Return
Figure 9. One-Pipe Loop-Main
Figure 10. Primary and Secondary Systems
Equalization of Flow through Tube Circuits
Inert Gas
Unacceptable Pressurization Methods
Weighted Plunger Arrangement
Inert Gas Pressurization Disadvantages
Figure 11. Pressurized Expansion Tank Relationships
Volume Required for Expansion and Contraction
Volume Required for Pressurization
Design Criteria for Steam Pressurized Systems
Design Criteria for Gas Pressurized Systems
Constant versus Variable Speed Pumps
Miscellaneous - ufc_3_430_08n0071
Plants with Combination System and Boiler Circulating Pumps
Makeup Water Flow Control
Automatic Isolation Valves
Space and Process Heating Equipment
Makeup Water and Water Treatment
Makeup Water and Water Treatment -Cont.
Section 5: Fuels and Combustion
Table 7. Analyses of Typical U.S. Coals
Table 7. Analyses of Typical U.S. Coals -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0080
Table 7. Analyses of Typical U.S. Coals -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0081
Ash Characteristics
Specific Gravity
Table 8. Typical Analyses and Properties of Fuel Oils
Table 9. Lowest Suitable Pumping Temperatures
Table 10. Typical Analyses of Natural Gas
Chipped Wood
Hog Fuel
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) - ufc_3_430_08n0089
Coal Firing
Figure 12. Single Retort Underfeed Stoker
Figure 13. Vibrating Grate Stoker
Traveling-Grate Stoker - Front Gravity Feed
Figure 14. Traveling Grate Stoker
Table 14. Stoker Selection Criteria
Table 14. Stoker Selection Criteria -Cont.
Pulverized Coal (PC) Firing
Figure 15. Overfeed Spreader Stoker with Traveling Grate
Oil and Natural Gas Firing
Oil Burners - ufc_3_430_08n0100
Oil Atomization
Wood Firing - ufc_3_430_08n0102
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) - ufc_3_430_08n0103
Combustion Calculations (Example Using Coal)
Oxygen Required per 100 Pounds of Coal
Coal Delivery - ufc_3_430_08n0106
Coal Handling Equipment
Coal Handling Equipment -Cont.
Figure 18. Double Walkway Gallery Type Frame
Coal Storage - ufc_3_430_08n0110
Coal Storage - ufc_3_430_08n0111
Receiving and Storage - ufc_3_430_08n0112
Oil Handling in Plant
Natural Gas - ufc_3_430_08n0114
Ash Handling
Mechanical Systems - ufc_3_430_08n0116
Section 6: Pollution Control Equipment and Systems
Accessories - ufc_3_430_08n0118
Fabric Filter Dust Collectors
Reverse Air Collector
Design Criteria - ufc_3_430_08n0121
Performance - ufc_3_430_08n0122
Pulse Jet Collector
Fabric Filter Media Types
Fabric Filter (Baghouse) Bypass
Solid Waste Boilers
Figure 19. Ash Resistivity as a Function of Temperature
Figure 20. Electrostatic Precipitator Performance
Flow Considerations
Design Parameters - ufc_3_430_08n0130
Wet Scrubbers - ufc_3_430_08n0131
Figure 21 .Typical Spray Dryer/Particulate Collector
Figure 22. Process Diagram for Double Alkalai Systems
Lime or Limestone Scrubbing System
Figure 23. Process Diagram for Lime/Limestone System
Figure 24. Flue Gas Desulfurization System and Waste Disposal
Section 7: Water Treatment
Table 16. Effects of Inadequate or Improper Water Conditioning
Table 17. Suggested Water Quality Limits for Boiler Water and Feedwater up to 300 PSIG
Boiler Water Makeup
Effect of Treatment
Table 18. General Guide for Raw Water Treatment of Boiler Water Makeup
Table 19. Effectiveness of Water Treatment
Continuous Blowdown
Chemical Feeding Equipment
Figure 25. Continous Blowoff Piping Diagram
Table 20. Chemicals for Internal Boiler Water Treatment
Table 20. Chemicals for Internal Boiler Water Treatment -Cont.
Feeding Schemes - ufc_3_430_08n0149
Figure 26. Arrangements for Chemical Mixing
Figure 27.Chemical Feed Arrangements (Schemes 1-4)
Feeding Schemes - ufc_3_430_08n0152
Figure 28. Chemical Feed Arrangements (Schemes 5-8)
Ion Exchange Softening
Figure 29. Pot Type Feeders
Figure 30. Sample Coolers
Table 21. Makeup Water Analysis
Figure 31. Sodium-Cation Exchanger
Computation
Sodium Cation Chloride Anion Conditioning
Figure 32. Sodium-Hydrogen Ion Exchange Split Stream Softening
Figure 33. Sodium Cation - Chloride Anion Exchanger
Figure 34. Cation - Anion Exchanger Demineralizer
Strongly Basic Material
Figure 35. Typical Vertical Steel Shell Pressure Filter
Lime-Soda Softening
Figure 36. Hot Process Softener Conical Downtake Design
Section 8: Auxiliary Boiler Room Equipment and Systems
Table 22. Summary of Operating Performances of Pumps
Table 22. Summary of Operating Performances of Pumps -Cont.
Series and Parallel
Boiler Water Feed Pumps
Boiler Water Feed Pumps -Cont.
Pressurized Boilers
Induced Draft Fans - ufc_3_430_08n0175
Induced Draft Fan
Selection - ufc_3_430_08n0177
Economizers - ufc_3_430_08n0178
Economizer Corrosion Controls
Figure 37. Minimum Metal Temperature for Economizers and Air Heaters
Application - ufc_3_430_08n0181
Classification
General - ufc_3_430_08n0183
Stack Design - ufc_3_430_08n0184
Example Stack Calculations
Figure 39. Stack Height
Ducts and Breechings
Applications and Requirement
Steam Traps - ufc_3_430_08n0189
Applications - ufc_3_430_08n0190
Variable Speed Drives
Internal Combustion Engine Drive
Considerations - ufc_3_430_08n0193
Section 9: Performance
Emissions Tests
Section 10: Miscellaneous
Boiler Air Infiltration
Air-Puff Soot Blowers
Steam Soot Blowers - ufc_3_430_08n0199
Steam Soot Blowers - ufc_3_430_08n0200
Piping Connections for Boiler Maintenance
Corrosion Protection
Passive Metals
Change of Environment
Table 23. Preferred Generic Protective Coatings for Corrosion Control
Table 23. Preferred Generic Protective Coatings for Corrosion Control -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0206
Table 23. Preferred Generic Protective Coatings for Corrosion Control -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0207
Table 24. Inorganic Inhibitors and Corrosion Systems
Plant Water Losses
Combustion Air Inlets
Architectural Criteria
Equipment Rooms
Platforms
Special Considerations - ufc_3_430_08n0214
Safety Protection
Fire Protection - ufc_3_430_08n0216
Horizontal Surfaces
Magnetic Controllers
Table 25. Standard Motor Control Enclosures
Standby Power Generation System
Intercommunication System
Combustion Controls - ufc_3_430_08n0222
Seismic Design Criteria - ufc_3_430_08n0223
References - ufc_3_430_08n0224
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0225
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0226
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0227
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0228
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0229
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0230
Central Heating Plants - ufc_3_430_08n0001
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) - ufc_3_430_08n0002
Foreword - ufc_3_430_08n0003
Chapter 1: Introduction - ufc_3_430_08n0005
Antiterrorism/Force Protection - ufc_3_430_08n0006
Appendix A: Central Heating Plants
Central Heating Plants - ufc_3_430_08n0008
Abstract - ufc_3_430_08n0009
Foreword - ufc_3_430_08n0010
Mechanical Engineering Criteria Manuals
Section 1. Introduction - ufc_3_430_08n0026
Section 2: Policy - ufc_3_430_08n0027
Figure 1. Format for Comparing Plant Costs
Rehabilitation Versus Replacement
Fuel Selection - ufc_3_430_08n0030
National Industry Codes
Section 3: Plant Design
Minimum Load
Heating Plants
Table 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of HTW Plants and Steam Plants
Table 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of HTW Plants and Steam Plants -Cont.
Table 3. Boiler Selection Criteria
Table 3. Boiler Selection Criteria -Cont.
Heating Surface
Plant Layout
Feedwater Pumping System
Steam-driven Auxiliaries
Section 4: HTW Heating Plants
Table 6. Equipment Selection for HTW Systems
Table 6. Equipment Selection for HTW Systems -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0045
Table 6. Equipment Selection for HTW Systems -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0046
Table 6. Equipment Selection for HTW Systems -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0047
High Temperature Hot Water (HTW) Systems
Figure 2. High Temperature Water System with Steam Expansion Tank (One Pump)
Figure 3. High Temperature Water System with Steam Expansion Tank (Two Pumps)
Figure 4. High Temperature Water System with Inert Gas Expansion (One Pump)
Figure 5. High Temperature Water System with Inert Gas Expansion Tank (Two Pumps)
System Water Velocities
Hot Water Generators - ufc_3_430_08n0054
Figure 6. Direct Supply Single Circuit
Figure 7. Direct Supply - Radial
Figure 8. Reverse Return
Figure 9. One-Pipe Loop-Main
Figure 10. Primary and Secondary Systems
Equalization of Flow through Tube Circuits
Inert Gas
Unacceptable Pressurization Methods
Weighted Plunger Arrangement
Inert Gas Pressurization Disadvantages
Figure 11. Pressurized Expansion Tank Relationships
Volume Required for Expansion and Contraction
Volume Required for Pressurization
Design Criteria for Steam Pressurized Systems
Design Criteria for Gas Pressurized Systems
Constant versus Variable Speed Pumps
Miscellaneous - ufc_3_430_08n0071
Plants with Combination System and Boiler Circulating Pumps
Makeup Water Flow Control
Automatic Isolation Valves
Space and Process Heating Equipment
Makeup Water and Water Treatment
Makeup Water and Water Treatment -Cont.
Section 5: Fuels and Combustion
Table 7. Analyses of Typical U.S. Coals
Table 7. Analyses of Typical U.S. Coals -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0080
Table 7. Analyses of Typical U.S. Coals -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0081
Ash Characteristics
Specific Gravity
Table 8. Typical Analyses and Properties of Fuel Oils
Table 9. Lowest Suitable Pumping Temperatures
Table 10. Typical Analyses of Natural Gas
Chipped Wood
Hog Fuel
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) - ufc_3_430_08n0089
Coal Firing
Figure 12. Single Retort Underfeed Stoker
Figure 13. Vibrating Grate Stoker
Traveling-Grate Stoker - Front Gravity Feed
Figure 14. Traveling Grate Stoker
Table 14. Stoker Selection Criteria
Table 14. Stoker Selection Criteria -Cont.
Pulverized Coal (PC) Firing
Figure 15. Overfeed Spreader Stoker with Traveling Grate
Oil and Natural Gas Firing
Oil Burners - ufc_3_430_08n0100
Oil Atomization
Wood Firing - ufc_3_430_08n0102
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) - ufc_3_430_08n0103
Combustion Calculations (Example Using Coal)
Oxygen Required per 100 Pounds of Coal
Coal Delivery - ufc_3_430_08n0106
Coal Handling Equipment
Coal Handling Equipment -Cont.
Figure 18. Double Walkway Gallery Type Frame
Coal Storage - ufc_3_430_08n0110
Coal Storage - ufc_3_430_08n0111
Receiving and Storage - ufc_3_430_08n0112
Oil Handling in Plant
Natural Gas - ufc_3_430_08n0114
Ash Handling
Mechanical Systems - ufc_3_430_08n0116
Section 6: Pollution Control Equipment and Systems
Accessories - ufc_3_430_08n0118
Fabric Filter Dust Collectors
Reverse Air Collector
Design Criteria - ufc_3_430_08n0121
Performance - ufc_3_430_08n0122
Pulse Jet Collector
Fabric Filter Media Types
Fabric Filter (Baghouse) Bypass
Solid Waste Boilers
Figure 19. Ash Resistivity as a Function of Temperature
Figure 20. Electrostatic Precipitator Performance
Flow Considerations
Design Parameters - ufc_3_430_08n0130
Wet Scrubbers - ufc_3_430_08n0131
Figure 21 .Typical Spray Dryer/Particulate Collector
Figure 22. Process Diagram for Double Alkalai Systems
Lime or Limestone Scrubbing System
Figure 23. Process Diagram for Lime/Limestone System
Figure 24. Flue Gas Desulfurization System and Waste Disposal
Section 7: Water Treatment
Table 16. Effects of Inadequate or Improper Water Conditioning
Table 17. Suggested Water Quality Limits for Boiler Water and Feedwater up to 300 PSIG
Boiler Water Makeup
Effect of Treatment
Table 18. General Guide for Raw Water Treatment of Boiler Water Makeup
Table 19. Effectiveness of Water Treatment
Continuous Blowdown
Chemical Feeding Equipment
Figure 25. Continous Blowoff Piping Diagram
Table 20. Chemicals for Internal Boiler Water Treatment
Table 20. Chemicals for Internal Boiler Water Treatment -Cont.
Feeding Schemes - ufc_3_430_08n0149
Figure 26. Arrangements for Chemical Mixing
Figure 27.Chemical Feed Arrangements (Schemes 1-4)
Feeding Schemes - ufc_3_430_08n0152
Figure 28. Chemical Feed Arrangements (Schemes 5-8)
Ion Exchange Softening
Figure 29. Pot Type Feeders
Figure 30. Sample Coolers
Table 21. Makeup Water Analysis
Figure 31. Sodium-Cation Exchanger
Computation
Sodium Cation Chloride Anion Conditioning
Figure 32. Sodium-Hydrogen Ion Exchange Split Stream Softening
Figure 33. Sodium Cation - Chloride Anion Exchanger
Figure 34. Cation - Anion Exchanger Demineralizer
Strongly Basic Material
Figure 35. Typical Vertical Steel Shell Pressure Filter
Lime-Soda Softening
Figure 36. Hot Process Softener Conical Downtake Design
Section 8: Auxiliary Boiler Room Equipment and Systems
Table 22. Summary of Operating Performances of Pumps
Table 22. Summary of Operating Performances of Pumps -Cont.
Series and Parallel
Boiler Water Feed Pumps
Boiler Water Feed Pumps -Cont.
Pressurized Boilers
Induced Draft Fans - ufc_3_430_08n0175
Induced Draft Fan
Selection - ufc_3_430_08n0177
Economizers - ufc_3_430_08n0178
Economizer Corrosion Controls
Figure 37. Minimum Metal Temperature for Economizers and Air Heaters
Application - ufc_3_430_08n0181
Classification
General - ufc_3_430_08n0183
Stack Design - ufc_3_430_08n0184
Example Stack Calculations
Figure 39. Stack Height
Ducts and Breechings
Applications and Requirement
Steam Traps - ufc_3_430_08n0189
Applications - ufc_3_430_08n0190
Variable Speed Drives
Internal Combustion Engine Drive
Considerations - ufc_3_430_08n0193
Section 9: Performance
Emissions Tests
Section 10: Miscellaneous
Boiler Air Infiltration
Air-Puff Soot Blowers
Steam Soot Blowers - ufc_3_430_08n0199
Steam Soot Blowers - ufc_3_430_08n0200
Piping Connections for Boiler Maintenance
Corrosion Protection
Passive Metals
Change of Environment
Table 23. Preferred Generic Protective Coatings for Corrosion Control
Table 23. Preferred Generic Protective Coatings for Corrosion Control -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0206
Table 23. Preferred Generic Protective Coatings for Corrosion Control -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0207
Table 24. Inorganic Inhibitors and Corrosion Systems
Plant Water Losses
Combustion Air Inlets
Architectural Criteria
Equipment Rooms
Platforms
Special Considerations - ufc_3_430_08n0214
Safety Protection
Fire Protection - ufc_3_430_08n0216
Horizontal Surfaces
Magnetic Controllers
Table 25. Standard Motor Control Enclosures
Standby Power Generation System
Intercommunication System
Combustion Controls - ufc_3_430_08n0222
Seismic Design Criteria - ufc_3_430_08n0223
References - ufc_3_430_08n0224
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0225
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0226
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0227
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0228
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0229
References -Cont. - ufc_3_430_08n0230
