MIL-HDBK-1003/13A
CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION .....................................................
1
1.1 Scope ..........................................................
1
1.2 Related Criteria ...............................................
1
1.3 Solar Energy ...................................................
4
1.3.1
Solar Radiation ...........................................
4
1.3.2
Collecting Solar Energy ...................................
4
1.3.3
Solar Collector Orientation ...............................
12
1.3.4
Advantages and Disadvantages ..............................
14
2.0 SOLAR SYSTEM COMPONENTS ..........................................
15
2.1 Collectors .....................................................
15
2.1.1
Liquid and Air-Type Collectors ............................
17
2.1.2
Selective Surfaces ........................................
17
2.1.3
Collector Covers (Glazes) .................................
19
2.1.4
Collector Insulation ......................................
22
2.1.5
Collector Housings ........................................
22
2.1.6
Collector Gaskets and Sealants ............................
24
2.1.7
Collector Fluids - Corrosion and Freeze
Protection ................................................
25
2.1.7.1
Silicone Fluids ......................................
30
2.1.7.2
Hydrocarbons .........................................
33
2.1.7.3
Distilled Water ......................................
33
2.1.7.4
Water/Antifreeze .....................................
33
2.1.8 Collector Connections .....................................
34
2.1.9 Collector Efficiency and Heat Losses ......................
36
2.1.10 Other Types of Solar Collectors ..........................
46
2.1.10.1 Evacuated-Tube Collectors ...........................
46
2.1.10.2 Concentrating Collectors ............................
47
2.2 Energy Storage and Auxiliary Heat ................................
48
2.2.1 Storage Tanks .............................................
51
2.3 Domestic Hot Water Systems (DHW) .................................
52
2.4 Thermosyphon, Batch, and Integral Storage Collector Systems ......
57
2.5 Space Heating and DHW Systems ....................................
58
2.5.1 Heat Distribution for Liquid-Type Solar Systems ...........
62
2.5.2 Heat Distribution for Air-Type Solar Systems ..............
63
2.5.3 Heat Pumps ................................................
64
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