UFC 4-152-01
28 July 2005
be used. The most common types in use in the United States consist of
anchor rods and deadman anchors. The latter could be made of concrete
blocks, steel sheet piling, or A-frames of steel, concrete, or timber piles. In
countries outside the United States, an anchorage system consisting of
piles, attached near the top of the sheet pile bulkhead and extending at
batters up to 1 on 1 to embedment in firm material, is often used. Rock or
earth anchors consisting of high-strength steel rods or steel prestressing
cables are sometimes preferred in place of the anchor batter piles.
Provide granular free-draining material adjacent to sheet pile bulkheads,
extending from dredged bottom to underside of pavement on grade.
Grade this material to act somewhat as a filter to limit subsequent loss of
fines through the sheet pile interlocks. Placement of free-draining material
should be in stages, commencing at the intersection of sheet piling and
dredged bottom and progressing inshore. Eliminate mud and organic silt
pockets. In general, do not consider hydraulic fill for backfill unless
provision is made for the effects of fill settlement, potential liquefaction of
fill in seismic zones, and high pressure exerted on sheet piling. Consider
vibro-compaction for consolidation of hydraulic fill. In areas with tidal
ranges greater than 4 ft (1.2 m,) provide 2 in (51 mm) diameter weep
holes for the sheet piles above the mean low water level. When weep
holes are used, provide graded filters to prevent loss of finer backfill
material. Provide openings in pavement or deck for replenishment of
material in order to compensate for loss and settlement of fill. In general,
flexible pavement using asphaltic concrete is preferred over rigid
pavement with portland cement concrete, as it is more economical to
maintain and better able to accommodate underlying settlement.
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