Central Heating Plants Operation and Maintenance - index
Central Heating Plants Operation and Maintenance - ufc_3_410_06n0001
Record of Changes - ufc_3_410_06n0002
Foreword - ufc_3_410_06n0003
Chapter 1. Introduction - ufc_3_410_06n0005
Appendix A. Operation and Maintenance: Central Heating Plants
Maintenance and Operation of Central Heating Plants
Abstract - ufc_3_410_06n0008
Foreword - ufc_3_410_06n0009
Section 1: Introduction - ufc_3_410_06n0024
Section 2: Central Boiler Plants
Energy Losses From a Steam System
Figure 1. 100-psi Steam Heat Balance
Corrosion - ufc_3_410_06n0028
Water Treatment - ufc_3_410_06n0029
Fuel Handling Equipment
Water Treatment Systems
Elementary Combustion Principles
Oil
Table 1. Classification of Coal
Table 2. Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Table 3. Range of Analyses of Fuel Oils
Alternative Fuels
Chemical Reactions
Air Requirements
Combustion of Coal
Combustion of Oil
Soot and Smoke
Stack Opacity
Boiler Efficiency
Figure 4. Heat Balance of Steam Generator
Table 4. Combustion Efficiency for Natural Gas
Table 5. Combustion Efficiency for No.2 Oil
Table 6. Combustion Efficiency for no.6 Oil
Table 7.Combustion Efficiency for Coal, 3.5 Percent Moisture,Bituminous
Table 8. Combustion Efficiency For Coal, 9.0 Percent, Bituminous
Central Boiler Plant Efficiency
Basic Principles - ufc_3_410_06n0052
Table 9. Water/Steam Characteristics
Radiation
Convection
Optimizing Heat Transfer
Figure 6. Water Circulation
Maintaining Clean Boiler Tubes
Figure 78. Effects of Soot and Scale on Heat Transfer
Section 3: Description of Equipment
Fabrication
Baffles
Figure 8. Four-Pass Scotch Boiler
Figure 10. Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler
Water Tube Boilers
Refractory Furnaces
Figure 13. Waterwall Constructions
Steam Drum Internals
Package Boilers
Figure 15. Superheater in Two-Drum Boiler
Hot Water Generators - ufc_3_410_06n0071
Economizers - ufc_3_410_06n0072
Figure 18. Hot Water End Uses
Figure 20. Bare Tube Economizer
Figure 21. Extended Surface Economizer
Air Heaters - ufc_3_410_06n0076
Figure 23. Tubular Air Heater
Gage Glass/Gage Cocks
Water Columns - ufc_3_410_06n0079
Safety Valves - ufc_3_410_06n0080
Types of Safety Valves
Figure 26. Safety Valve Installation
Safety Valve Capacity
Safety Valve Settings
Figure 29. Nonreturn Check Valve
Fusible Plugs - ufc_3_410_06n0086
Soot Blowers - ufc_3_410_06n0087
Mechanical Soot Blowers
Fuel-Handling and Combustion Equipment
Stokers - ufc_3_410_06n0090
Underfeed Stokers
Figure 32. Screw-Fed Single-Retort Stoker
Spreader Stokers
Feed Mechanism
Figure 33. Power Dump Grate Spreader Stoker
Figure 34. Chain-Type Overfeed Spreader
Traveling Grate and Chain Grate Stokers
Vibrating Stokers
Pulverizers - ufc_3_410_06n0099
Types of Pulverizers
Figure 37. Bowl Mill
Attrition Pulverizers
Fluidized Bed
Coal-Handling Equipment - ufc_3_410_06n0104
Storage - ufc_3_410_06n0105
Figure 41. Coal Handling System
Coal Weighing
Ash Handling Equipment
Pneumatic Ash Handling
Hydraulic Ash Handling
Types of Oil Atomizers
Figure 46. Steam Atomizer
Types of Burners
Figure 47. Register Burner
Oil Storage and Handling
Fuel Oil Preparation
Figure 50. Fuel Oil Pumping and Heating Equipment
Figure 51. Safety Equipment,Fuel Oil-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Figure 52. Safety Equipment, Gas-and Oil-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Gas Firing Equipment
Figure 53. Safety Equipment, Natural Gas-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Positive Displacement - ufc_3_410_06n0122
Thermostatic - ufc_3_410_06n0123
Figure 55. Vapor-Generator/Thermohydraulic Feedwater Regulator
Drum Level Transmitter
Pneumatic Transmitter/Controller
Table 10. Feedwater Control Symbols
Combustion Controls - ufc_3_410_06n0128
Control Concepts
Figure 59. Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator
Figure 60. Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner
Figure 61. Steam Pressure Control System
Figure 62. Proportional Control
Figure 63. Proportional Response
Controls for Stoker-Fired Boilers
Figure 65. Parallel Positioning Control System
Controls for Oil and Gas Fired Boilers
Figure 67. Jackshaft Control System
Figure 68. Parallel Metering Control
Boiler Safety Control
Control Logic
Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 70. Electronic Programing Control in a Boiler
Figure 71. Float/Magnet Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 72. Resistive Type Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 75. Temperature Switch
Flame Scanners
Temperature Controls - ufc_3_410_06n0148
Figure 78. Direct -Acting Temperature Regulator
Pressure Controls
Pilot Operated Pressure Reducing Valve
Figure 80. Pilot Operated Pressure Reducing Valve
Figure 81. Diaphragm Actuator Pressure Reducing Valve
Figure 82. Self Contained Diaphragm Pressure Reducing Valve
Figure 83. Differential Pressure Reducing Valve
Flow Meters
Flow Meters -Cont.
Figure 85. Orifice, Flow Nozzle , and Venturi
Figure 86. Steam Flow Recorder
Figure 88. Pitot Tube Design and Installation
Figure 89. Vortex Shedding Phenomenon
Figure 90. Positive Displacement Meter
Pressure Gages
Draft Gages - ufc_3_410_06n0164
Figure 92. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gage
Figure 94. Inclined/U-tube Manometer
Flue Gas Analyzers
Figure 96. Zirconium Oxide Oxygen Analyzer
Pollution Control Equipment
Figure 97. Strip Chart Recorders
Oxides of Sulfur
Table 11. Comparison of NOx Reduction Techniques
Table 12. Performance Characteristics of Flue-Gas Desulfurization Systems
Particulate
Pollutants from Coal
Single Cyclone
Figure 98. Medium Efficiency Cyclone Configuration
Figure 99. Multicyclone Configuration
Collection Efficiency of Cyclones
Pressure Drop and Energy Requirements
Cyclone Performance - ufc_3_410_06n0181
Effect of Firing Modes
Filter Cleaning Methods
Figure 101. Reverse Flow Baghouse
Energy Requirements - ufc_3_410_06n0185
Electrode Design
Figure 103. Electrostatic Precipitator
Energy Requirements - ufc_3_410_06n0188
Wet Scrubbers - ufc_3_410_06n0189
Pumps and Injectors
Installation - ufc_3_410_06n0191
Figure 106A Maintain Proper Slope to Suction Line
Centrifugal Pumps - ufc_3_410_06n0193
Figure 107. Centrifugal Pump
Operation - ufc_3_410_06n0195
Reciprocating Piston Pumps
Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps
Figure 109. Two Methods of Providing Lost Motion
Figure 110A Rotary Screw Pumps
Jet Pumps/Injectors
Figure 111. Steam Injector
Boiler Feed Pumps - ufc_3_410_06n0202
Vacuum Pumps
Figure 113. Typical Outlet Fan Dampers
Figure 115. Fan Curve for Fan with Outlet Damper
Stack Construction
Flues and Ducts
Electric Motors - ufc_3_410_06n0208
Air Compressors - ufc_3_410_06n0209
Air Dryers
Steam Traps - ufc_3_410_06n0211
Float and Thermostat Steam Traps
Inverted Bucket Steam Traps
Figure 119. Disc/Thermodynamic Steam Trap
Piping Systems - ufc_3_410_06n0215
Sizing - ufc_3_410_06n0216
Table 17. Piping Codes and Standards for Boiler Plants
Table 18. Typical Piping Material Applications
Pipe Supports
Figure 121. Standard Hanger Types for Piping Systems
Valves - ufc_3_410_06n0221
Figure 122. Solid Wedge Disc Gate Valve
Figure 123. Single -Port Globe Valve
Figure 124. Nonlubricated Plug Valve
Figure 125. Butterfly Valve
Figure 126A Swing Check Valve
Insulation - ufc_3_410_06n0227
Section 4: Operation
Internal Inspection - ufc_3_410_06n0229
Water Supply - ufc_3_410_06n0230
Stoker Firing Coal
Gas Firing
Warm-Up Time
Activate Controls
Procedure for a Single Boiler
Boiler Operation
Controlling Feedwater
Safety Valves - ufc_3_410_06n0238
Safety Valves -Cont.
Soot Blowers - ufc_3_410_06n0240
Hand Firing -Coking
Hand Firing -Spreader Method
Underfeed Stoker Firing
Spreader Stoker Firing
Traveling Grate Stoker Firing
Traveling Grate Stoker Firing -Cont.
Sludge Control
Oil Heating
Burner Adjustments
Pressure Regulation
Combustion Controls - ufc_3_410_06n0251
Figure 128. Smoke Density Versus Percent Oxygen
Centrifugal Pumps - ufc_3_410_06n0253
Lubrication - ufc_3_410_06n0254
Operation - ufc_3_410_06n0255
Lubrication - ufc_3_410_06n0256
Feedwater Heating and Treatment
Low Water Level
Procedure for Stoker Fired Boilers
Emergency Procedure -Fan Failure
Removing a Boiler From Service
Optimizing Central Plant Efficiency
Setting Leaks
Optimizing Boiler Efficiency
Reduce Radiation Losses
Boiler Selection
Plant Building Conservation
Distribution System Effects on Plant Efficiency
Section 5: Inspection and Preventive Maintenance
Predictive Maintenance
Responsibility
HouseKeeping
Figure 131. Hot Water Heating Boiler Log
Figure 132. Steam Heating Boiler Log
Data Entry
Assignment of Work
Tool Board
Cleaning Solvents
Boilers
Boilers -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0280
Boilers -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0281
Boilers -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0282
Economizers - ufc_3_410_06n0283
Water Columns - ufc_3_410_06n0284
Fusible Plugs - ufc_3_410_06n0285
Soot Blowers - ufc_3_410_06n0286
Stokers - ufc_3_410_06n0287
Ball Mills
Bowl Mills
Ball-Race Pulverizer
Attrition Pulverizer
Coal-Handling Equipment - ufc_3_410_06n0292
Coal-Handling Equipment -Cont.
Oil Burners - ufc_3_410_06n0294
Oil -Handling Equipment
Gas Burners - ufc_3_410_06n0296
Combustion Controls - ufc_3_410_06n0297
Instrumentation - ufc_3_410_06n0298
Mechanical Collectors
Zeolite Water Softeners
Hot Lime-Soda Softeners
Deaerating Heaters and Deaerators
Deaerating Heaters and Deaerators -Cont.
Centrifugal Pumps - ufc_3_410_06n0304
Reciprocating Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps -Cont.
Steam Injectors
Steam Turbines (Noncondensing)
Air Compressors - ufc_3_410_06n0309
Steam Traps - ufc_3_410_06n0310
Electric Motors - ufc_3_410_06n0311
Forced Draft (FD) and Induced Draft (ID) Fans
Procedure - ufc_3_410_06n0313
Procedure - ufc_3_410_06n0314
Appendix A: Heat Balance Calculations
100-psig Steam Heat Balance
100-psig Steam Heat Balance -Cont.
15- psig Steam Heat Balance
Figure A-2. 15-psi Steam Heat Balance
15- psig Steam Heat Balance -Cont.
High Temperature Water (HTW) Heat Balance
Figure A-3. High Temperature Water (HTW) Heat Balance
Figure A-3. High Temperature Water (HTW) Heat Balance -Cont.
Bibliography - ufc_3_410_06n0324
Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0325
References - ufc_3_410_06n0326
References -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0327
References -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0328
Glossary - ufc_3_410_06n0329
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0330
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0331
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0332
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0333
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0334
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0335
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0336
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0337
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0338
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0339
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0340
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0341
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0342
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0343
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0344
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0345
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0346
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0347
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0348
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0349
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0350
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0351
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0352
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0353
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0354
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0355
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0356
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0357
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0358
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0359
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0360
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0361
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0362
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0363
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0364
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0365
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0366
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0367
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0368
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0369
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0370
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0371
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0372
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0373
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0374
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0375
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0376
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0377
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0378
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0379
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0380
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0381
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0382
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0383
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0384
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0385
Standardization Document Improvement Proposal - ufc_3_410_06n0386
Central Heating Plants Operation and Maintenance - ufc_3_410_06n0001
Record of Changes - ufc_3_410_06n0002
Foreword - ufc_3_410_06n0003
Chapter 1. Introduction - ufc_3_410_06n0005
Appendix A. Operation and Maintenance: Central Heating Plants
Maintenance and Operation of Central Heating Plants
Abstract - ufc_3_410_06n0008
Foreword - ufc_3_410_06n0009
Section 1: Introduction - ufc_3_410_06n0024
Section 2: Central Boiler Plants
Energy Losses From a Steam System
Figure 1. 100-psi Steam Heat Balance
Corrosion - ufc_3_410_06n0028
Water Treatment - ufc_3_410_06n0029
Fuel Handling Equipment
Water Treatment Systems
Elementary Combustion Principles
Oil
Table 1. Classification of Coal
Table 2. Standard Specification for Fuel Oils
Table 3. Range of Analyses of Fuel Oils
Alternative Fuels
Chemical Reactions
Air Requirements
Combustion of Coal
Combustion of Oil
Soot and Smoke
Stack Opacity
Boiler Efficiency
Figure 4. Heat Balance of Steam Generator
Table 4. Combustion Efficiency for Natural Gas
Table 5. Combustion Efficiency for No.2 Oil
Table 6. Combustion Efficiency for no.6 Oil
Table 7.Combustion Efficiency for Coal, 3.5 Percent Moisture,Bituminous
Table 8. Combustion Efficiency For Coal, 9.0 Percent, Bituminous
Central Boiler Plant Efficiency
Basic Principles - ufc_3_410_06n0052
Table 9. Water/Steam Characteristics
Radiation
Convection
Optimizing Heat Transfer
Figure 6. Water Circulation
Maintaining Clean Boiler Tubes
Figure 78. Effects of Soot and Scale on Heat Transfer
Section 3: Description of Equipment
Fabrication
Baffles
Figure 8. Four-Pass Scotch Boiler
Figure 10. Horizontal Return Tubular Boiler
Water Tube Boilers
Refractory Furnaces
Figure 13. Waterwall Constructions
Steam Drum Internals
Package Boilers
Figure 15. Superheater in Two-Drum Boiler
Hot Water Generators - ufc_3_410_06n0071
Economizers - ufc_3_410_06n0072
Figure 18. Hot Water End Uses
Figure 20. Bare Tube Economizer
Figure 21. Extended Surface Economizer
Air Heaters - ufc_3_410_06n0076
Figure 23. Tubular Air Heater
Gage Glass/Gage Cocks
Water Columns - ufc_3_410_06n0079
Safety Valves - ufc_3_410_06n0080
Types of Safety Valves
Figure 26. Safety Valve Installation
Safety Valve Capacity
Safety Valve Settings
Figure 29. Nonreturn Check Valve
Fusible Plugs - ufc_3_410_06n0086
Soot Blowers - ufc_3_410_06n0087
Mechanical Soot Blowers
Fuel-Handling and Combustion Equipment
Stokers - ufc_3_410_06n0090
Underfeed Stokers
Figure 32. Screw-Fed Single-Retort Stoker
Spreader Stokers
Feed Mechanism
Figure 33. Power Dump Grate Spreader Stoker
Figure 34. Chain-Type Overfeed Spreader
Traveling Grate and Chain Grate Stokers
Vibrating Stokers
Pulverizers - ufc_3_410_06n0099
Types of Pulverizers
Figure 37. Bowl Mill
Attrition Pulverizers
Fluidized Bed
Coal-Handling Equipment - ufc_3_410_06n0104
Storage - ufc_3_410_06n0105
Figure 41. Coal Handling System
Coal Weighing
Ash Handling Equipment
Pneumatic Ash Handling
Hydraulic Ash Handling
Types of Oil Atomizers
Figure 46. Steam Atomizer
Types of Burners
Figure 47. Register Burner
Oil Storage and Handling
Fuel Oil Preparation
Figure 50. Fuel Oil Pumping and Heating Equipment
Figure 51. Safety Equipment,Fuel Oil-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Figure 52. Safety Equipment, Gas-and Oil-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Gas Firing Equipment
Figure 53. Safety Equipment, Natural Gas-Fired Water Tube Boiler
Positive Displacement - ufc_3_410_06n0122
Thermostatic - ufc_3_410_06n0123
Figure 55. Vapor-Generator/Thermohydraulic Feedwater Regulator
Drum Level Transmitter
Pneumatic Transmitter/Controller
Table 10. Feedwater Control Symbols
Combustion Controls - ufc_3_410_06n0128
Control Concepts
Figure 59. Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator
Figure 60. Control Valve with Pneumatic Actuator and Positioner
Figure 61. Steam Pressure Control System
Figure 62. Proportional Control
Figure 63. Proportional Response
Controls for Stoker-Fired Boilers
Figure 65. Parallel Positioning Control System
Controls for Oil and Gas Fired Boilers
Figure 67. Jackshaft Control System
Figure 68. Parallel Metering Control
Boiler Safety Control
Control Logic
Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 70. Electronic Programing Control in a Boiler
Figure 71. Float/Magnet Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 72. Resistive Type Low Water Fuel Cutoff
Figure 75. Temperature Switch
Flame Scanners
Temperature Controls - ufc_3_410_06n0148
Figure 78. Direct -Acting Temperature Regulator
Pressure Controls
Pilot Operated Pressure Reducing Valve
Figure 80. Pilot Operated Pressure Reducing Valve
Figure 81. Diaphragm Actuator Pressure Reducing Valve
Figure 82. Self Contained Diaphragm Pressure Reducing Valve
Figure 83. Differential Pressure Reducing Valve
Flow Meters
Flow Meters -Cont.
Figure 85. Orifice, Flow Nozzle , and Venturi
Figure 86. Steam Flow Recorder
Figure 88. Pitot Tube Design and Installation
Figure 89. Vortex Shedding Phenomenon
Figure 90. Positive Displacement Meter
Pressure Gages
Draft Gages - ufc_3_410_06n0164
Figure 92. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gage
Figure 94. Inclined/U-tube Manometer
Flue Gas Analyzers
Figure 96. Zirconium Oxide Oxygen Analyzer
Pollution Control Equipment
Figure 97. Strip Chart Recorders
Oxides of Sulfur
Table 11. Comparison of NOx Reduction Techniques
Table 12. Performance Characteristics of Flue-Gas Desulfurization Systems
Particulate
Pollutants from Coal
Single Cyclone
Figure 98. Medium Efficiency Cyclone Configuration
Figure 99. Multicyclone Configuration
Collection Efficiency of Cyclones
Pressure Drop and Energy Requirements
Cyclone Performance - ufc_3_410_06n0181
Effect of Firing Modes
Filter Cleaning Methods
Figure 101. Reverse Flow Baghouse
Energy Requirements - ufc_3_410_06n0185
Electrode Design
Figure 103. Electrostatic Precipitator
Energy Requirements - ufc_3_410_06n0188
Wet Scrubbers - ufc_3_410_06n0189
Pumps and Injectors
Installation - ufc_3_410_06n0191
Figure 106A Maintain Proper Slope to Suction Line
Centrifugal Pumps - ufc_3_410_06n0193
Figure 107. Centrifugal Pump
Operation - ufc_3_410_06n0195
Reciprocating Piston Pumps
Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps
Figure 109. Two Methods of Providing Lost Motion
Figure 110A Rotary Screw Pumps
Jet Pumps/Injectors
Figure 111. Steam Injector
Boiler Feed Pumps - ufc_3_410_06n0202
Vacuum Pumps
Figure 113. Typical Outlet Fan Dampers
Figure 115. Fan Curve for Fan with Outlet Damper
Stack Construction
Flues and Ducts
Electric Motors - ufc_3_410_06n0208
Air Compressors - ufc_3_410_06n0209
Air Dryers
Steam Traps - ufc_3_410_06n0211
Float and Thermostat Steam Traps
Inverted Bucket Steam Traps
Figure 119. Disc/Thermodynamic Steam Trap
Piping Systems - ufc_3_410_06n0215
Sizing - ufc_3_410_06n0216
Table 17. Piping Codes and Standards for Boiler Plants
Table 18. Typical Piping Material Applications
Pipe Supports
Figure 121. Standard Hanger Types for Piping Systems
Valves - ufc_3_410_06n0221
Figure 122. Solid Wedge Disc Gate Valve
Figure 123. Single -Port Globe Valve
Figure 124. Nonlubricated Plug Valve
Figure 125. Butterfly Valve
Figure 126A Swing Check Valve
Insulation - ufc_3_410_06n0227
Section 4: Operation
Internal Inspection - ufc_3_410_06n0229
Water Supply - ufc_3_410_06n0230
Stoker Firing Coal
Gas Firing
Warm-Up Time
Activate Controls
Procedure for a Single Boiler
Boiler Operation
Controlling Feedwater
Safety Valves - ufc_3_410_06n0238
Safety Valves -Cont.
Soot Blowers - ufc_3_410_06n0240
Hand Firing -Coking
Hand Firing -Spreader Method
Underfeed Stoker Firing
Spreader Stoker Firing
Traveling Grate Stoker Firing
Traveling Grate Stoker Firing -Cont.
Sludge Control
Oil Heating
Burner Adjustments
Pressure Regulation
Combustion Controls - ufc_3_410_06n0251
Figure 128. Smoke Density Versus Percent Oxygen
Centrifugal Pumps - ufc_3_410_06n0253
Lubrication - ufc_3_410_06n0254
Operation - ufc_3_410_06n0255
Lubrication - ufc_3_410_06n0256
Feedwater Heating and Treatment
Low Water Level
Procedure for Stoker Fired Boilers
Emergency Procedure -Fan Failure
Removing a Boiler From Service
Optimizing Central Plant Efficiency
Setting Leaks
Optimizing Boiler Efficiency
Reduce Radiation Losses
Boiler Selection
Plant Building Conservation
Distribution System Effects on Plant Efficiency
Section 5: Inspection and Preventive Maintenance
Predictive Maintenance
Responsibility
HouseKeeping
Figure 131. Hot Water Heating Boiler Log
Figure 132. Steam Heating Boiler Log
Data Entry
Assignment of Work
Tool Board
Cleaning Solvents
Boilers
Boilers -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0280
Boilers -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0281
Boilers -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0282
Economizers - ufc_3_410_06n0283
Water Columns - ufc_3_410_06n0284
Fusible Plugs - ufc_3_410_06n0285
Soot Blowers - ufc_3_410_06n0286
Stokers - ufc_3_410_06n0287
Ball Mills
Bowl Mills
Ball-Race Pulverizer
Attrition Pulverizer
Coal-Handling Equipment - ufc_3_410_06n0292
Coal-Handling Equipment -Cont.
Oil Burners - ufc_3_410_06n0294
Oil -Handling Equipment
Gas Burners - ufc_3_410_06n0296
Combustion Controls - ufc_3_410_06n0297
Instrumentation - ufc_3_410_06n0298
Mechanical Collectors
Zeolite Water Softeners
Hot Lime-Soda Softeners
Deaerating Heaters and Deaerators
Deaerating Heaters and Deaerators -Cont.
Centrifugal Pumps - ufc_3_410_06n0304
Reciprocating Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps -Cont.
Steam Injectors
Steam Turbines (Noncondensing)
Air Compressors - ufc_3_410_06n0309
Steam Traps - ufc_3_410_06n0310
Electric Motors - ufc_3_410_06n0311
Forced Draft (FD) and Induced Draft (ID) Fans
Procedure - ufc_3_410_06n0313
Procedure - ufc_3_410_06n0314
Appendix A: Heat Balance Calculations
100-psig Steam Heat Balance
100-psig Steam Heat Balance -Cont.
15- psig Steam Heat Balance
Figure A-2. 15-psi Steam Heat Balance
15- psig Steam Heat Balance -Cont.
High Temperature Water (HTW) Heat Balance
Figure A-3. High Temperature Water (HTW) Heat Balance
Figure A-3. High Temperature Water (HTW) Heat Balance -Cont.
Bibliography - ufc_3_410_06n0324
Bibliography -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0325
References - ufc_3_410_06n0326
References -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0327
References -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0328
Glossary - ufc_3_410_06n0329
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0330
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0331
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0332
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0333
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0334
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0335
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0336
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0337
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0338
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0339
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0340
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0341
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0342
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0343
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0344
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0345
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0346
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0347
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0348
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0349
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0350
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0351
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0352
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0353
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0354
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0355
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0356
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0357
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0358
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0359
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0360
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0361
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0362
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0363
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0364
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0365
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0366
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0367
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0368
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0369
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0370
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0371
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0372
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0373
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0374
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0375
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0376
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0377
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0378
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0379
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0380
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0381
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0382
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0383
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0384
Glossary -Cont. - ufc_3_410_06n0385
Standardization Document Improvement Proposal - ufc_3_410_06n0386
