Noise and Vibration Control
Noise and Vibration Control
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) - ufc_3_450_010002
Foreword - ufc_3_450_010003
Noise and Vibration Control
Chapter 1. General - ufc_3_450_010010
Chapter 2.Noise and Vibration Criteria
Figure 2-1. Noise Criterion (NC) Curves
Figure 2-2. Room Criterion (RC) Curves
Vibration Criteria In Buildings
Table 2-2. Speech Interference Levels (SIL) That Permit Barely Acceptable Speech Intelligibility at the Distances and Voice Levels Shown
Figure 2-3. Approximate Sensitivity and Response
Figure 2-4. Vibration Criteria for Damage Risk to Buildings
Figure 2-5. Vibration Criteria for Sensitive Equipment in Buildings
Figure 2-6. Vibration Acceleration Levels of a Large Vibrating Surface that Will Produce Radiated Sound Levels
Chapter 3: Sound Distribution Indoors
Room Constant
Table 3-1. Reduction of SPL in (dB) in Going from Normalized 3-ft.. Distance and 800-ft.2 Room Constant to Any Other Distance and Room Constant
Sample Calculations - ufc_3_450_010023
Figure 3-2. Room Constant Estimate
Table 3-3. Sound Absorption Coefficients of General Building Materials and Furnishings
Table 3-4. Low Frequency Multipliers For Room Constants
Table 3-5. Summary of Data and Calculations Illustrating Use of Equation 3-1.
Table 3-6. Summary of Data and Calculations Illustrating Use of Equation 3-2
Chapter 4. Sound Isolation Between Rooms
Table 4-1. Wall or Floor Correction Term "C" for Use in the Equation NR = TL + "C"
Influence of air space
Figure 4-2. Natural Frequency of a Double Wall With an Air Space
Figure 4-3. Schematic Illustration of Flanking Paths of Sound
Fibrous blankets
Table 4-2. Transmission Loss (in DB) of Defense Poured Concrete or Solid Core Concrete Block or Masonry
Table 4-3. Transmission Loss (in DB) of Hollow Core Dense Concrete Block or Masonry
Table 4-4. Transmission Loss (in DB) of Cinder Block or other Lightweight Porous Block Material with Impervious Skin on Both Sides to Seal Pores
Table 4-5. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Dense Plaster
Table 4-6. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Stud-Type Partitions
Table 4-6. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Stud-Type Partitions. (Cont'd)
Table 4-7. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Plywood, Lumber, and Simple Wood Doors
Table 4-8. Transmission LASS (in dB) of Glass Walls or Windows
Nonflat floor slabs
Table 4-10. Transmission Loss (in dB) of a Filled Metal Panel Partition and Several Commercially Available Acoustic Doors
Table 4-11. Approximate Transmission Loss (in DB) of Aluminum, Steel and Lead
Table 4-12. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Type 1 Floor-Ceiling Combinations
Table 4-15. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Type 4 Floor-Ceiling Combinations
Figure 4-4. Typical Floating Floor Construction
Figure 4-5. Suggested Applications and Details of Floating Floors for Improvement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss
Figure 4-7. Nonflat Concrete Floors
Chapter 5. Sound Propagation Outdoors
Figure 5-1. Inverse Square Law of Sound Propagation
Table 5-1. Molecular Absorption Coefficients, dB per 1000 ft., as a Function of Temperature and Relative Humidity
Table 5-2. Values of Anomalous Excess Attenuation per 1000 ft
Table 5-4. Distance Term (DT), in dB, at Distances of 80 ft. to 8000 ft
Figure 5-2. Downwind Sound Diffraction
Figure 5-4. Effects of Temperature Gradients on Sound Propagation
Figure 5-6. Parameters and Geometry of Outdoor Sound Barrier
Table 5-6. Insertion Loss of an Ideal Solid Outdoor Barrier
Figure 5-7. Examples of Surfaces That Can Reflect Sound Around or Over a Barrier Wall
Figure 5-8. Compound Barriers
Figure 5-9. Edge Effects at End of Barrier
Table 5-7. Approximate Noise Reduction of Typical Exterior Wall Constructions
Figure 5-10. Elevation Profile of Cooling Tower Used in Example
Table 5-9. Location "B" Cooling Tower Problem
Chapter 6.Airborne Sound Control
Outdoor Sound Problem And Analysis
Noise Control Treatments
Damping materials
Dissipative mufflers - ufc_3_450_010070
Chapter 7. Air Distribution Noise for Heating,Ventilating,and Air Conditioning Systems
Noise level prediction
Control Of Fan Noise In A Duct Distribution System
Figure 7-1. Good and Poor Air Delivery Conditions to Air Outlets
Table 7-2. Approximate Natural Attenuation in Unlined Sheet-Metal Ducts
Table 7-3. Attenuation in Lined Ducts
Procedure For Calculating Noise Control Requirements For An Air Distribution System
Table 7-5. End Reflection Loss
Calculation Example
Table 7-7. Representative IL Values for Sound Attenuators
End loss
Figure 7-2. Plan View of Supply Duct for Example
Chapter 8. Vibration Control
Table 8-1. General Types and Applications of Vibration Isolators
Mounting Assembly Types
Figure 8-1. Suggested Arrangement of Ribbed Neoprene Pads for Providing Resilient Lateral Restraint to a Spring Mount
Type II mounting assembly
Tables Of Recommended Vibration Isolation Details
Mounting recommendations
Table 8-2. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Centrifugal and Axial-Flow Fans
Table 8-3. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Reciprocating Compressor Refrigeration Equipment Assembly
Vibration Isolation-Miscellaneous
Nonvibrating equipment
Table 8-4. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Rotary Screw Compressor Refrigeration Equipment Assembly
Table 8-5. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Centrifugal Compressor Refrigeration Equipment Assembly
Table 8-6. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Absorption-Type Refrigeration Equipment Assembly
Table 8-7. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Boilers
Table 8-8. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Propeller-Type Cooling Towers
Table 8-9. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Centrifugal-Type Cooling Towers
Table 8-10. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Motor-Pump Assemblies
Table 8-11. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Steam-TurbineDriven Rotary Equipment
Table 8-12. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Transformers
Table 8-13. Vibration Isolation Mounting for One or Two-Cylinder Reciprocating-Type Air Compressors in the 10-to l00-hp Size Range
Chapter 9. Mechanical Noise Specifications
Sample specifications
Table 9-1. Sample Sound Pressure Level Specification
Table 9-2. Sample Sound Power Level Specification
Chapter 10. Noise and Vibration Measurements
Measurement Of Noise And Vibration In Buildings
Appendix A References - ufc_3_450_010110
Appendix B Basics of Acoustics
Sound Pressure level (Lp or SPL)
Loss of directionality characteristics
Vibration Levels
Discrete frequencies, tonal components
Table B-1. Bandwidth and Geometric Mean Frequency of Standard Octave and 1/3 Octave Bands
Figure B-1. Approximate Electrical Frequency Response of The A-, B-, and C-weighted Networks of Sound Level Meters
Temporal Variations
Vibration Transmissibility
Figure B-2. Transmissibility of a Simple Undamped Single Degree-of-Freedom System
Table B-3. Suggested Schedule for Estimating Relative Vibration Isolation Effectiveness of a Mounting System
Appendix C: Mechanical and Electrical Equipment
Figure C-1. Sound Pressure Levels of Reciprocating Compressors at 3-ft. Distance
Built-Up Refrigeration Machines
Absorption Machines
Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers
Figure C-3. Principal Types of Cooling Towers
Table C-7. Frequency Adjustments (in dB) for Propeller-Type Cooling Towers
Table C-9. Correction to Average SPLs for Directional Effects of Cooling Towers
Pumps - ufc_3_450_010130
Table C-11. Overall and A-Weighted Sound Pressure Levels (in dB and dB(A) at 3-ft. Distance) for Pumps
Air Compressors - ufc_3_450_010132
Table C-13. Specific Sound Power Levels Kw (in dB), Blade Frequency Increments (in dB)
Figure C-5. Sound Pressure Levels of Air Compressors at 3-ft. Distance
Table C-15. Sound Pressure Levels (in dB at 3-ft. Distance) for Air Compressors
Table C-17. Frequency Adjustments (in dB) for Casing Noise of Reciprocating Engines
Gas Turbine Engines
Electric Motors - ufc_3_450_010138
Steam Turbines
Generators - ufc_3_450_010140
Transformers - ufc_3_450_010141
Opening In A Wall
Figure C-6. Sound pressure levels of TEFC motors at 3-ft. distance
Figure C-7. Sound Pressure Levels of DRPR Motors at 3 ft. Distance
Table C-26. Sound Pressure Levels (in dB at 3 ft distance) for steam turbines
Table C-28. Approximate Overall PWL (in dB) of Generators, Excluding the Noise of the Driver Unit
Table C-29. Frequency Adjustments (in dB) for Generators, Without Drive Unit
Table C-30. Octave-Band Corrections (in dB) to be Used in Equation C-17 for Obtaining PWL of Transformers in Different Installation Conditions
Glossary - ufc_3_450_010149
Glossary -Cont.
Bibliography - ufc_3_450_010151
Noise and Vibration Control
Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) - ufc_3_450_010002
Foreword - ufc_3_450_010003
Noise and Vibration Control
Chapter 1. General - ufc_3_450_010010
Chapter 2.Noise and Vibration Criteria
Figure 2-1. Noise Criterion (NC) Curves
Figure 2-2. Room Criterion (RC) Curves
Vibration Criteria In Buildings
Table 2-2. Speech Interference Levels (SIL) That Permit Barely Acceptable Speech Intelligibility at the Distances and Voice Levels Shown
Figure 2-3. Approximate Sensitivity and Response
Figure 2-4. Vibration Criteria for Damage Risk to Buildings
Figure 2-5. Vibration Criteria for Sensitive Equipment in Buildings
Figure 2-6. Vibration Acceleration Levels of a Large Vibrating Surface that Will Produce Radiated Sound Levels
Chapter 3: Sound Distribution Indoors
Room Constant
Table 3-1. Reduction of SPL in (dB) in Going from Normalized 3-ft.. Distance and 800-ft.2 Room Constant to Any Other Distance and Room Constant
Sample Calculations - ufc_3_450_010023
Figure 3-2. Room Constant Estimate
Table 3-3. Sound Absorption Coefficients of General Building Materials and Furnishings
Table 3-4. Low Frequency Multipliers For Room Constants
Table 3-5. Summary of Data and Calculations Illustrating Use of Equation 3-1.
Table 3-6. Summary of Data and Calculations Illustrating Use of Equation 3-2
Chapter 4. Sound Isolation Between Rooms
Table 4-1. Wall or Floor Correction Term "C" for Use in the Equation NR = TL + "C"
Influence of air space
Figure 4-2. Natural Frequency of a Double Wall With an Air Space
Figure 4-3. Schematic Illustration of Flanking Paths of Sound
Fibrous blankets
Table 4-2. Transmission Loss (in DB) of Defense Poured Concrete or Solid Core Concrete Block or Masonry
Table 4-3. Transmission Loss (in DB) of Hollow Core Dense Concrete Block or Masonry
Table 4-4. Transmission Loss (in DB) of Cinder Block or other Lightweight Porous Block Material with Impervious Skin on Both Sides to Seal Pores
Table 4-5. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Dense Plaster
Table 4-6. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Stud-Type Partitions
Table 4-6. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Stud-Type Partitions. (Cont'd)
Table 4-7. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Plywood, Lumber, and Simple Wood Doors
Table 4-8. Transmission LASS (in dB) of Glass Walls or Windows
Nonflat floor slabs
Table 4-10. Transmission Loss (in dB) of a Filled Metal Panel Partition and Several Commercially Available Acoustic Doors
Table 4-11. Approximate Transmission Loss (in DB) of Aluminum, Steel and Lead
Table 4-12. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Type 1 Floor-Ceiling Combinations
Table 4-15. Transmission Loss (in dB) of Type 4 Floor-Ceiling Combinations
Figure 4-4. Typical Floating Floor Construction
Figure 4-5. Suggested Applications and Details of Floating Floors for Improvement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss
Figure 4-7. Nonflat Concrete Floors
Chapter 5. Sound Propagation Outdoors
Figure 5-1. Inverse Square Law of Sound Propagation
Table 5-1. Molecular Absorption Coefficients, dB per 1000 ft., as a Function of Temperature and Relative Humidity
Table 5-2. Values of Anomalous Excess Attenuation per 1000 ft
Table 5-4. Distance Term (DT), in dB, at Distances of 80 ft. to 8000 ft
Figure 5-2. Downwind Sound Diffraction
Figure 5-4. Effects of Temperature Gradients on Sound Propagation
Figure 5-6. Parameters and Geometry of Outdoor Sound Barrier
Table 5-6. Insertion Loss of an Ideal Solid Outdoor Barrier
Figure 5-7. Examples of Surfaces That Can Reflect Sound Around or Over a Barrier Wall
Figure 5-8. Compound Barriers
Figure 5-9. Edge Effects at End of Barrier
Table 5-7. Approximate Noise Reduction of Typical Exterior Wall Constructions
Figure 5-10. Elevation Profile of Cooling Tower Used in Example
Table 5-9. Location "B" Cooling Tower Problem
Chapter 6.Airborne Sound Control
Outdoor Sound Problem And Analysis
Noise Control Treatments
Damping materials
Dissipative mufflers - ufc_3_450_010070
Chapter 7. Air Distribution Noise for Heating,Ventilating,and Air Conditioning Systems
Noise level prediction
Control Of Fan Noise In A Duct Distribution System
Figure 7-1. Good and Poor Air Delivery Conditions to Air Outlets
Table 7-2. Approximate Natural Attenuation in Unlined Sheet-Metal Ducts
Table 7-3. Attenuation in Lined Ducts
Procedure For Calculating Noise Control Requirements For An Air Distribution System
Table 7-5. End Reflection Loss
Calculation Example
Table 7-7. Representative IL Values for Sound Attenuators
End loss
Figure 7-2. Plan View of Supply Duct for Example
Chapter 8. Vibration Control
Table 8-1. General Types and Applications of Vibration Isolators
Mounting Assembly Types
Figure 8-1. Suggested Arrangement of Ribbed Neoprene Pads for Providing Resilient Lateral Restraint to a Spring Mount
Type II mounting assembly
Tables Of Recommended Vibration Isolation Details
Mounting recommendations
Table 8-2. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Centrifugal and Axial-Flow Fans
Table 8-3. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Reciprocating Compressor Refrigeration Equipment Assembly
Vibration Isolation-Miscellaneous
Nonvibrating equipment
Table 8-4. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Rotary Screw Compressor Refrigeration Equipment Assembly
Table 8-5. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Centrifugal Compressor Refrigeration Equipment Assembly
Table 8-6. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Absorption-Type Refrigeration Equipment Assembly
Table 8-7. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Boilers
Table 8-8. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Propeller-Type Cooling Towers
Table 8-9. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Centrifugal-Type Cooling Towers
Table 8-10. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Motor-Pump Assemblies
Table 8-11. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Steam-TurbineDriven Rotary Equipment
Table 8-12. Vibration Isolation Mounting for Transformers
Table 8-13. Vibration Isolation Mounting for One or Two-Cylinder Reciprocating-Type Air Compressors in the 10-to l00-hp Size Range
Chapter 9. Mechanical Noise Specifications
Sample specifications
Table 9-1. Sample Sound Pressure Level Specification
Table 9-2. Sample Sound Power Level Specification
Chapter 10. Noise and Vibration Measurements
Measurement Of Noise And Vibration In Buildings
Appendix A References - ufc_3_450_010110
Appendix B Basics of Acoustics
Sound Pressure level (Lp or SPL)
Loss of directionality characteristics
Vibration Levels
Discrete frequencies, tonal components
Table B-1. Bandwidth and Geometric Mean Frequency of Standard Octave and 1/3 Octave Bands
Figure B-1. Approximate Electrical Frequency Response of The A-, B-, and C-weighted Networks of Sound Level Meters
Temporal Variations
Vibration Transmissibility
Figure B-2. Transmissibility of a Simple Undamped Single Degree-of-Freedom System
Table B-3. Suggested Schedule for Estimating Relative Vibration Isolation Effectiveness of a Mounting System
Appendix C: Mechanical and Electrical Equipment
Figure C-1. Sound Pressure Levels of Reciprocating Compressors at 3-ft. Distance
Built-Up Refrigeration Machines
Absorption Machines
Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers
Figure C-3. Principal Types of Cooling Towers
Table C-7. Frequency Adjustments (in dB) for Propeller-Type Cooling Towers
Table C-9. Correction to Average SPLs for Directional Effects of Cooling Towers
Pumps - ufc_3_450_010130
Table C-11. Overall and A-Weighted Sound Pressure Levels (in dB and dB(A) at 3-ft. Distance) for Pumps
Air Compressors - ufc_3_450_010132
Table C-13. Specific Sound Power Levels Kw (in dB), Blade Frequency Increments (in dB)
Figure C-5. Sound Pressure Levels of Air Compressors at 3-ft. Distance
Table C-15. Sound Pressure Levels (in dB at 3-ft. Distance) for Air Compressors
Table C-17. Frequency Adjustments (in dB) for Casing Noise of Reciprocating Engines
Gas Turbine Engines
Electric Motors - ufc_3_450_010138
Steam Turbines
Generators - ufc_3_450_010140
Transformers - ufc_3_450_010141
Opening In A Wall
Figure C-6. Sound pressure levels of TEFC motors at 3-ft. distance
Figure C-7. Sound Pressure Levels of DRPR Motors at 3 ft. Distance
Table C-26. Sound Pressure Levels (in dB at 3 ft distance) for steam turbines
Table C-28. Approximate Overall PWL (in dB) of Generators, Excluding the Noise of the Driver Unit
Table C-29. Frequency Adjustments (in dB) for Generators, Without Drive Unit
Table C-30. Octave-Band Corrections (in dB) to be Used in Equation C-17 for Obtaining PWL of Transformers in Different Installation Conditions
Glossary - ufc_3_450_010149
Glossary -Cont.
Bibliography - ufc_3_450_010151
