TM 5-850-1
for ship movement, preferably without use of tugs.
shelter. The area shall be isolated, insofar as possible,
from attack by surface or subsurface craft.
(4) Quayage adequacy. Adequate quayage shall
(2) Depth. Locate in an area of sufficient natural
be provided for the estimated traffic.
depth to minimize dredging.
(5) Supporting shore facilities. Locate supporting
(3) Currents.
The area shall be free from
shore facilities in proximity to their respective berths.
Adequate space and access for roads and railroad facilities
strong currents.
are essential.
(4) Accessibility of shore facilities. The area
(6) Expansion. Provide area for future expansion.
shall be accessible to fresh water, fuel, and other shore
facilities.
(7) Fouling and borers. Locate berthing basins in
(5) Foundation conditions. Where possible,
harbor areas to minimize fouling conditions and incidence
of marine borers.
locate over a bottom of loose sand or gravel, clay, or
soft coral. Avoid locations where the bottom consists of
(8) Foundations. Locate foundations in an area of
rock, hard gravel, deep mud, and deep silt.
favorable subsoil conditions, to minimize the cost of
(6) Subaqueous structures. Anchorage areas
berthing structures.
should be free of cables and pipe lines and cleared of
b. Arrangement of berths. The arrangement of berths
wrecks and obstructions.
and types of pier and wharf layout are discussed in chapter
(7) Expansion. Provide for future expansion.
c. Size and depth of basin and berths.
(8) Size.
These
See chapter 2 for approximate
characteristics are discussed in chapter 6.
overall size and depth requirements. Use free swinging
moorings where the available area will permit. Where
3-6. Turning basins.
the available area is limited, use fixed moorings or
moorings in which the swing of the vessel is restricted.
a. Use. Where space is available, provide turning
Various types of moorings are discussed in TM 5-360
basins to minimize the use of tugs. Where space is
restricted, tugs may be used for turning vessels and turning
b. Dangerous cargo. Anchorages for tankers and
basins eliminated.
similar vessels will be at least 500 feet from adjacent
b. Location. The following requirements should be
berths, and located so that prevailing winds and currents
carry any spillage away from general anchorage and
met: (1) Locate one turning basin at the head of navigation.
berthing areas. For vessels carrying explosives, the
anchorages will be separated in accordance with the
(2) Locate a second turning basin just inside the
criteria established in DoD 4270.1-M (app A).
breakwater.
3-5. Berthing basins.
(3) Where especially heavy traffic is anticipated,
provide intermediate basins to reduce traffic congestion
a. Location. The wave height in the berthing basin
and save time.
should not exceed 2 feet for comfortable berthing, but in
(4) Where feasible, use an area of the harbor that
no case will the wave height exceed 4 feet. The factors
forms a natural turning basin of the required size and depth.
influencing the selection of the location of berthing
(5) Provide a turning basin at the entrance to
basins are as follows: (1) Protection. Locate berthing
drydocks or at the inboard end of long piers or wharves.
basins in harbor areas that are best protected from wind
c. Size and form. A vessel can normally be turned
and wave disturbances in areas remote from the
disturbances incident upon the harbor entrance.
comfortably in a radius of twice its length or where
(2) Orientation. Orient berths for ease of
maneuverability is not important, in a radius equal to its
length. For shorter turning radii, the vessel must be turned
navigation to and from the entrance and the channel.
(3) Offshore area. Provide sufficient offshore
around some fixed point, must utilize the ship's anchor, or
must be assisted by tugs.
area
3-4
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