TM 5-850-1
of structures, sediment transport and deposition, and
dredging.
(5) Extent, duration, and causes of flooding.
required to assure optimum layout of facilities and the
transportation network required to service them. Land-
Flooding at times during the year may affect the inland
water interfaces at all possible tide levels can be checked
portions of a port. Harbor routine may vary during the
with the hydrographic surveys.
flood season, and sediment introduced into the harbor
(2) Pedologic parameters.
A comprehensive
areas may create navigation problems. Knowledge of
investigation of the pedologic character of surficial
the causes of flooding enables the adverse effects to be
materials is considered essential. The ability of the soils to
minimi7ed.
Examination of historical data permits
support various types of construction and the suitability of
reasonably accurate forecasts.
(6) Tidal and river currents and velocities.
construction materials can be determined.
The
identification of soils can be greatly facilitated by use of
Current directions and velocities, such as longshore
aerial photographs.
currents, wind currents, river currents, and permanent
(3) Drainage characteristics. Surface drainage
great currents, are a constant problem to navigation. In
patterns should be determined. Drainage can influence site
some cases, several of these currents may be in action
selection, particularly if the overflow from streams cannot
concurrently, and the results should be considered.
(7) Shoreline data. The land-water interface
be controlled and the inundation of a site is possible.
Streams may also provide convenient supplies of surface
can be established for the various daily and seasonal
water for port use.
stages of the tide. Extreme tidal states occurring during
severe storms can also be established.
(4) Surface rock. An investigation of available
(8) Location of landmarks as navigational aids.
sources of surface rock will be conducted to determine the
Location of landmarks can be greatly facilitated through
suitability of local supplies to construction requirements.
the use of hydrographic and topographic maps and
(5) Subsurface characteristics. Investigation of
aerial photography. Field checks to ensure acceptable
subsurface soil conditions is required to determine the
levels of visibility are required.
(9) Location of structures in water and along
parameters relevant to pile-type construction at shore
shore margins. These structures are currently being
locations.
(6) Vegetation types.
A survey of natural
utilized or abandoned.
(10) Subbottom characteristics.
vegetation in the vicinity of the port is necessary to
Subbottom
determine the construction effort required to clear an area
information includes data on the type of sediments,
to accommodate the port facilities, as well as the suitability
layering, bearing capacities, and consolidation.
c. Topographic surveys.
of the timber for use in the construction of certain facilities,
All land-implemented
(e.g., wharves, piers, bridges, and warehouses).
surveys conducted in support of the construction of
(7) Cultural features. A survey is required at and
offloading, storage, and connection facilities should be
in proximity to the port area, including private, business,
included. Parameters to be considered as part of the
and government buildings, the transportation network,
topographic surveys are as follows: (1) Topographic
utilities, recreation areas, and agricultural lands.
detail at site locations.
Fine detail will be
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