TM 5-850-1
6-4.
Approaches.
e. Column spacing. Longitudinal and transverse
a. Introduction. Approaches are required where
spacing along and across the piers is specified as
follows:
piers are located offshore. Approaches should be in the
(1) Longitudinal. Column spacing along the
form of trestles or a causeway. Trestles should be used
length of the piers is generally determined by the sizes
where tidal flow obstruction must be minimi7ed.
b. Dimensions and clearances. Two truck lanes,
and spacing of the cargo doors with a column supporting
a door buck. The shed columns should be located over
plus necessary railroad or crane trackage, should be
the substructure pile caps. Column spacings of 15 and
provided. The minimum width should be 24 feet clear
25 feet are considered normal.
between curbs.
The 60-foot wide causeways are
(2) Transverse. Spacing of columns across
recommended for modern container wharves. For
pier widths should allow for aisles between the stacked
offshore wharves, where approaches are short and
cargo to permit movement of forklift trucks and other
cargo handling requirements are heavy, provide double
cargo handling devices. A minimum aisle spacing of 40
approaches for single berths and two-lane approaches
feet should be provided.
For single-story sheds,
at 500-foot intervals for multiple-length berths. This
consider eliminating all interior columns where the roof
arrangement will provide continuous one-way traffic past
live load does not exceed 30 to 40 pounds per square
each berth. A triangular deck area should be provided
foot, and where the shed width does not exceed 100 to
at the intersection of the approach with the wharf to
130 feet.
permit 90-degree turns on and off the wharf. These
f. Door size and spacing.
triangular areas should be made at 45 degrees and are
(1) Cargo doors. The cargo doors should be
generally about 35 feet on a side. For marginal
wharves, provide continuous access.
sized to accommodate any special packages handled at
the building. The minimum size for cargo doors should
6-5.
Roll-on/roll-off ramps.
be a 16by 18-foot clear opening. Spacing between
cargo doors should be 36 to 38 feet with alternate dead
No general solution was found to the problem of
panels, or 30 feet without alternate spacing. For narrow
providing facilities for discharging commercial roll-on/
aprons, provide doors in every bay. Where apron
roll-off ships. There appears to be no standard height
widths are narrow, cargo door heights should be
above water level of either side doors or stern ramps.
increased to permit sling loads to swing through the
The difference between loaded and light draft of a ship
door. The rolling shutter or sectional, vertical lift type is
may be as much as 20 feet, and the tidal variation within
preferable. Provide bolts and locks that are operated
many harbors is 10 feet or more; provisions may be
inside the shed and also wheel guards for the door
required to accommodate a change of as much as 30
frames.
feet in the elevation of stern and side doors. If the
(2) Access doors.
Where trucks are
gradient on a ramp is limited to 30 percent to assure
rapid discharge and loading of vehicles, a total ramp
permitted to enter a shed, access doors of the inboard
length of 60 to 70 feet may be required, depending on
face should be a minimum of 14 feet high by 12 feet
the elevation at the shore end.
wide.
(3) Shed doors. Along railroad tracks, space
6-6.
Transportation facilities.
doors at 42or 44-foot intervals for the best
a. Railroad facilities. Access to two or more trunk
corresponding spacing of railroad car doors. These
shed doors should have minimum openings 14 feet wide
lines is desirable. The capabilities of the serving
by 12 feet high.
railroads to handle the traffic should be investigated,
(4) Truck loading. At shipside and in truck
and backhaul between the shipping points and the port
loading areas, doors should be continuous with shed
can be avoided.
(1) Receiving tracks. The length of each
columns supporting the door bucks.
(5) Railroad doors.
Doors through which
receiving or interchange track should, if practicable, be
railroad cars pass shall be 22 feet high. Widths shall
equal to the length of the maximum single delivery of
conform to either single or double-trackage clearances,
the serving railroad. The standing-room capacity of the
receiving yard should be equal to the average daily
g. Fire protection. Fire protection should be in
volume of cars received in peacetime operation. The
design should take into consideration the average or
accordance with AR-420-90.
h. Miscellaneous.
peak movements of cargo, the berthing capacity of the
Installation of lighting and
wharf facility, the types of military cargo, and the ship
ventilation should conform to those contained in
turnabout cycle.
appropriate Army manuals. Partitioned offices shall be
(2) Classification tracks. The standing-room
provided for supervisory personnel. Rooms should also
capacity of the classification yard should be equal to the
be provided for stevedore's gear, lockers, washroom,
toilets, and guard rooms.
6-3
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